A failure to produce the same results could also mean that the replication differed in some important way from the initial study. In either case, additional replications would be likely to resolve this discrepancy. This difference could mean that the results of the initial study or the results of the replication were a fluke-they occurred by chance and do not reflect something that is generally true. Sometimes a replication of a study produces results that differ from the results of the initial study. The positive effect of expressive writing on health and the negative effect of cell phone usage on driving ability are examples of phenomena that have been replicated many times by many different researchers. Particularly interesting results come to the attention of other researchers who conduct their own replications. Many empirical research reports include an initial study and then one or more follow-up studies that replicate the initial study with minor modifications. Individual researchers usually replicate their own studies before publishing them. Replication means conducting a study again-either exactly as it was originally conducted or with modifications-to be sure that it produces the same results. A conditioned response that has been extinguished often returns with no further training after the passage of time.Īlthough an empirical result might be referred to as a phenomenon after being observed only once, this term is more likely to be used for results that have been replicated.
#SOCIAL PHENOMENA EXAMPLES SERIAL#
See a demonstration here: Serial Position Effect Stimuli presented near the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than stimuli presented in the middle. The more often people have been exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it-even when the stimulus is presented subliminally. Placebos (fake psychological or medical treatments) often lead to improvements in people’s symptoms and functioning. People recognize faces of people of their own race more accurately than faces of people of other races.
See a demonstration here: The McGurk Effect When audio of a basic speech sound is combined with video of a person making mouth movements for a different speech sound, people often perceive a sound that is intermediate between the two. People tend to explain others’ behaviour in terms of their personal characteristics as opposed to the situation they are in.
The more people who are present at an emergency situation, the less likely it is that any one of them will help. People with damage to their visual cortex are often able to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see. The following list is a small sample of famous phenomena in psychology. Phenomena are often given names by their discoverers or other researchers, and these names can catch on and become widely known.
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